Contributor供稿：秘鲁Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律师事务所

Chinese Translation中文翻译：锦天城 王良 律师

China is Peru's main trading partner, the largest destination of exports and the main source of imports for Peru. Peru is China's second largest investment destination in South America. The two countries have established a comprehensive strategic partnership and signed a free trade agreement. In the next five to 10 years, Peru will become another destination for Chinese enterprises going global. More Chinese companies will enter Peru and expand into the broader South American market through Peru. AllBright Law is actively exploring the legal service market in South America, providing reliable host country legal service resources and doing legal research on various host countries for Chinese enterprises going to South America, so as to provide legal protection for serving China's high-level opening-up and the "the Belt and Road" strategy. To this end, AllBright Law, together with Rodrigo, El í as &Medrano Law firms in Peru, launched this Series of Articles on Peru Business Environment, including Peru's going global, Peru's corporate structures, Peru's promotion of investment and legal stability, operational legal environment, business winding up and restructuring a business.

中国是秘鲁的主要贸易伙伴，是秘鲁第一大出口目的地国，也是秘鲁主要进口来源国。秘鲁是中国在拉美的第二大投资目的地。两国之间既建立全面战略伙伴关系，又签署了自由贸易协定。未来五到十年，秘鲁将成为中国企业出海的另一片热土，中国会有更多企业走向秘鲁，并通过秘鲁走向更广阔的南美洲市场。锦天城积极开拓南美洲法律服务市场，向出海南美洲的中国企业提供可靠的东道国法律服务资源和做好国别法律研究等工作，为服务中国高水平对外开放和“一带一路”战略提供法律保障。为此，锦天城联合秘鲁Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律师事务所，推出《秘鲁营商环境》系列文章，介绍秘鲁走向世界、秘鲁公司架构、秘鲁外国投资促进和法律稳定性、企业运营法律环境、停业和企业重整等内容。

Insurance, reinsurance, intermediaries and insurance auxiliary companies are required to be duly authorized to operate locally. Their activities are supervised by the Banking, Insurance and Private Pension Fund Administration Superintendence ("SBS" for its Spanish acronym) in accordance with Act No. 26702, Financial System and Insurance and Organic System of the Superintendence of Banking and Insurance General Law.

 保险、再保险、中介和保险辅助公司须获得正式授权方可在当地开展业务。根据《金融体系和保险及银行保险监督管理总局组织体系通则》（第26702号法令），这些机构的活动受银行、保险和私人养老基金管理监管局（“SBS”，西班牙语缩写）监管。

However, in terms of insurance agreements, the applicable regulation is primarily contained in Act No. 29946, Insurance Contract Law (LCS), in force on May 2013. The application of this law is imperative, except where indicated otherwise, and applies to all types of insurance, without exceptions, including insurance that covers large risks. Likewise, this law will be of supplementary application should there be mandatory insurance, regulated by special laws, such as the Complementary Occupational Risk Insurance.

 然而，就保险协议而言，主要适用法规是2013年5月生效的第29946号法令《保险合同法》（“LCS”）。除另有规定外，本法必须强制适用，且适用于所有类型的保险，无一例外，包括承保大额风险的保险。同样，对于由特别法律（如《补充职业风险保险法》）规范的强制性保险，本法将作为补充适用。

An important aspect of the aforementioned law is its protectionist scope in favor of the insured, having included the interpretation of the terms of the insurance policy in favor of the insured as a fundamental principle of insurance agreements, in case of doubt. Additionally, it has set forth a number of rules whose main objective is the defense of the interests of the insured, such as, among others, the consent of loss, abusive clauses and forbidden clauses.

 上述法律的一个重要方面是其有利于被保险人的保护主义倾向。该法规定，如对保险单条款存疑，应作出有利于被保险人的解释，并将此作为保险协议的一项基本原则。此外，该法还制定了一系列主要旨在保护被保险人利益的规则，例如（包括但不限于）损失确认同意、显失公平条款和禁止性条款。

Complementary to provisions set forth in the Insurance Contract Law, the SBS periodically issues several regulations and resolutions applicable to companies under the insurance system in order to establish terms and conditions of their activity (such as risk management and corporate governance); as well as regulations being complied with by SBS to supervise such companies. Among the most relevant regulations, the Conduct Management Regulation of the Insurance System Market (approved by SBS Resolution No. 4143-2019) which is intended to regulate the policies to be adopted by insurance undertakings in order to conduct themselves properly in the market and, in addition, to protect the right of users to access information about products and services commercialized by insurance companies. It should be mentioned the Reinsurance and Coinsurance Contracting and Management Regulation (approved by SBS Resolution No. 4706-2017). It is applicable to insurance companies, reinsurance brokerage companies and foreign reinsurance company representatives. This regulation establishes the requirements for entering into reinsurance contracts, as well as a number of criteria to improve reinsurance contracting and supervision. It should be noted that in 2019, new rules were issued concerning the registration, supervision and control of insurance and reinsurance intermediaries, foreign reinsurance companies and cross-border insurance activities.

 作为对《保险合同法》规定的补充，SBS定期发布适用于保险体系下公司的若干条例和决议，以确立其业务活动（如风险管理和公司治理）的条款与条件；以及SBS据以监管此类公司的规定。最相关的法规包括：《保险体系市场行为管理规范》（经SBS第4143-2019号决议批准），旨在规范保险公司为在市场上正当经营而应采取的政策，并保护用户获取保险公司所售产品和服务信息的权利。值得一提的是《再保险与共保业务承包与管理规范》（经SBS第4706-2017号决议批准）。该规范适用于保险公司、再保险经纪公司和外国再保险公司代表处。该规范规定了签订再保险合同的要求，以及改进再保险承包和监管的若干标准。值得注意的是，2019年，秘鲁出台了关于保险和再保险中介机构、外国再保险公司及跨境保险活动的注册、监管与控制的新规。

In addition, as a result of COVID-19, the SBS promoted the regulation of remote systems for the commercialization of mass insurance through SBS Resolution No. 277-2021, which facilitated the possibility for insurance companies, brokers and marketers to efficiently promote insurance offerings through non-face-to-face mechanisms.

 此外，受COVID-19疫情影响，SBS通过第277-2021号决议推动规范大规模保险销售的远程系统，为保险公司、经纪人和营销商通过非面对面方式高效推广保险产品提供了便利。

Finally, it shall be noted that different regulations under the Peruvian legal framework impose to representatives of different economy sectors the obligation to purchase different types of insurance regarding the type of activity being carried out and the involving risks, such as mandatory insurance for traffic accidents, personal accident and civil liability insurance for aviation activities, among others.

 最后，应当注意，秘鲁法律框架下的不同法规要求不同经济部门的代表，根据所开展活动的类型及涉及的风险，有义务购买不同类型的保险，例如交通事故强制保险、航空活动的人身意外和民事责任保险等。

The legal and regulatory framework for electronic transactions in Peru is broad and regulates various aspects including consumer protection, personal data protection, computer crimes, digital security, electronic signatures, tax aspects on the sale of digital products and services, among others.

 秘鲁关于电子交易的法律和监管框架广泛，涵盖了多个方面，包括消费者保护、个人数据保护、计算机犯罪、数字安全、电子签名、数字产品和服务销售的税收问题等。

In general terms, the Civil Code regulates non-face-to-face contracting and recognizes the use of electronic and digital means as a valid way to manifest the will and perfect consent in any legal action.

 总体而言，《民法典》规范了非面对面的合同订立，并承认使用电子和数字手段是在任何法律行为中表达意愿和达成有效合意的有效方式。

The parties involved in an e-commerce relationship (consumers and suppliers) must respect the principles of good faith and transparency in their consumer relations. Suppliers must have terms and conditions in their digital channels that clearly specify the conditions for the acquisition of goods or services. Likewise, they must establish privacy and cookie policies that duly regulate the use of their users' data as provided by the Peruvian Personal Data Protection Law, enacted by Law No. 29733 (the "LPD"), and its regulations approved by Supreme Decree No. 003-2013-JUS. Also, they must have a virtual Complaints Book which must necessarily be hosted on the home page of their website.

 电子商务关系中的各方（消费者和供应商）必须在其消费关系中遵守诚信和透明的原则。供应商必须在其数字渠道中设置条款与条件，明确规定获取商品或服务的条件。同样，他们必须制定隐私政策和Cookie政策，根据第29733号法律颁布的《秘鲁个人数据保护法》（LPD）及其经最高法令第003-2013-JUS号批准的条例，对其用户数据的使用进行适当规范。此外，他们必须在网站主页上设置在线投诉系统。

In terms of consumer protection, there is no specific rule that regulates the situation of the consumer who contracts through digital channels, however, to fill this gap, the Code of Consumer Protection and Defense (hereinafter, the Code) is used, a rule that contains the minimum provisions for the protection of consumers. Likewise, the National Institute for the Defense of Competition and Protection of Intellectual Property (Indecopi) is in charge of resolving consumer claims against e-commerce suppliers. The rules of the Code apply to: (i) any "consumer relationship" that originates in Peruvian territory or produces effects in such territory (even if it originates elsewhere); and, (ii) transactions that do not involve payment of consideration but have a commercial purpose aimed at promoting consumption. It is worth mentioning that in the last few years several regulatory reform initiatives have been presented that seek to have a specific regulation for the protection of e-commerce consumers; however, they are still under review before Congress.

 在消费者保护方面，尚无专门法规规范通过数字渠道订立合同的消费者的情况。为填补这一空白，适用包含消费者保护最低限度规定的《消费者保护与权益保障法典》（以下简称《法典》）。同样，国家竞争保护和知识产权保护局（Indecopi）负责处理消费者针对电子商务供应商的索赔。《法典》的规则适用于：(1) 任何源于秘鲁境内或在该境内产生效力的“消费者关系”（即使其源于其他地方）；以及 (2) 虽不涉及支付对价但具有旨在促进消费的商业目的的交易。值得一提的是，过去几年提出了多项监管改革倡议，旨在制定保护电子商务消费者的专门法规；然而，这些倡议仍在国会审议中。

The use of electronic signatures is expressly regulated by Law No. 27269, Law on Digital Signatures and Certificates (Law of Signatures), and its Regulations, which recognize three types of electronic signatures (simple electronic signature, advanced electronic signature and digital signature). These rules establish that the digital signature has the same validity and legal effectiveness as the use of a handwritten signature, as long as it has been generated by a duly accredited digital certification service provider within the Official Electronic Signature Infrastructure (IOFE). On the other hand, although "simple or advanced electronic signatures" do not provide the same legal protection (in terms of identification of the signer and non-repudiation of the document subscribed) as a digital signature or a handwritten signature, it is valid to use such electronic signatures as a valid expression of will, provided that no specific legal or contractual provision is violated.

 电子签名的使用由第27269号法律《数字签名和证书法》（《签名法》）及其实施条例明确规定。该法承认三种类型的电子签名（简单电子签名、高级电子签名和数字签名）。这些规则规定，只要数字签名是由官方电子签名基础设施（IOFE）内获得正式认可的数字认证服务提供商生成的，其即具有与手写签名同等的效力和法律效力。另一方面，尽管“简单电子签名或高级电子签名”在识别签署人身份和签署文件的不可否认性方面，不能提供与数字签名或手写签名同等的法律保护，但若未违反具体的法律或合同规定，使用此类电子签名作为有效的意思表示是有效的。

On the other hand, in recent years, several issues related to the Internet have been regulated, such as electronic money, anti-spam regulations, domain name registration, e-government, computer crimes, liability of digital platforms of collaborative economy, online gambling, payment gateways and payment systems through QR Code, etc. However, several transactions on the Internet are not yet regulated, such as some fintechs that process online payment services that are self-regulated according to the terms agreed by the parties, and in a supplementary manner by the relevant legislation.

 另一方面，近年来，一些与互联网相关的问题已受到监管，例如电子货币、反垃圾邮件法规、域名注册、电子政务、计算机犯罪、协作经济数字平台的责任、网络赌博、支付网关和二维码支付系统等。然而，互联网上的若干交易尚未受到监管，例如一些处理在线支付服务的金融科技公司，其服务依据双方约定的条款进行自我规范，并辅以相关立法进行补充监管。

Finally, for tax purposes, commercial transactions carried out through the Internet are regulated as "digital services", which, depending on how they have been carried out, are affected by the Income Tax.
 最后，就税收目的而言，通过互联网进行的商业交易被视为 “数字服务” 进行监管，根据其交易方式的不同，需缴纳所得税。

The execution of financing agreements with foreign financial entities is not subject to any restrictions, nor does it require prior authorization from, or registration with, the Central Bank of Peru, the Superintendency of Banking, Insurance and Private Pension Fund Administrators (SBS) or any other similar entity. Payment of debt abroad under such agreements is equally free of authorizations or restrictions without prejudice to the applicable Income Tax deductions, on any interest paid, to be made.

 与外国金融实体签订融资协议不受任何限制，也无需事先获得秘鲁中央银行、银行保险与私人养老基金管理人监管局（SBS）或任何其他类似机构的授权或向其注册。根据此类协议在境外偿还债务同样无需授权或受限，但须遵守对所支付的任何利息进行适用所得税扣除的规定。

Financial leases may only be carried out by financial leasing companies. If such companies have either of the two characteristics set forth in the applicable regulation, they must be domiciled in Peru and be duly authorized by the SBS to carry out their operations. Companies engaged in financial leasing operations that do not have any of these characteristics will be considered as financial leasing companies outside the scope of the Banking Law, and must only register with the SBS to carry out their operations.

 融资租赁业务只能由金融租赁公司开展。若此类公司具备适用法规中规定的两个特征中的任一特征，则其必须在秘鲁设立住所并获得SBS的正式授权方可开展业务。不符合前述任一特征的、从事融资租赁业务的公司，将被视为《银行法》范围之外的金融租赁公司，仅需在SBS注册即可开展业务。

There are no restrictions for security interests being held by foreign individuals or entities in Peru. The most commonly used types of guarantees under Peruvian law are mortgages and pledges (security interest).
 外国个人或实体在秘鲁持有（动产）担保权益不受限制。秘鲁法律下最常用的担保类型是抵押和（动产）担保权益。

（1）Mortgage抵押

Real estate may be mortgaged. In order to create a security under a mortgage the following essential requirements must be met:

 不动产可以设定抵押。设定抵押担保须满足以下基本要求：

Expressed consent of the owner or his      representative duly authorized.
所有权人或其正式授权代表的明示同意。

Secure compliance of a specified or      determinable obligation.
担保履行某一项特定的或可确定的义务。

Secured amount must be fixed or determinable.
担保金额必须是固定的或可确定的。

It should be given under a Notarially Recorded      Instrument, pursuant law otherwise.
应通过经公证登记的文书设定，除非法律另有规定。

Registration of the Notarially Recorded      Instrument containing the mortgage agreement in the Registry of Real      Estate Property.
将包含抵押协议的经公证登记的文书在不动产登记处登记。

Once the mortgage is registered in the abovementioned registry, it is considered legally valid and effective. Mortgage foreclosure is normally executed through court proceedings.

 一旦抵押在上述登记处完成登记，即被视为具有法律效力和实际效力。抵押权的实现通常通过法院诉讼程序执行。

（2）Security Interest （动产）担保权益

A security interest attaches any personal property provided by Peruvian law. For its validation, it should be in written. Security interest may comply with required formalities; and to be enforceable as to third parties applicable disclosure mechanisms is required (generally, registration in the pertinent Public Registry).

 （动产）担保权益附着于秘鲁法律允许的任何动产之上。为使其有效，应以书面形式设定。（动产）担保权益须遵守要求的法定形式；并且，为使该权益可对抗第三人，必须履行适用的公示机制（通常是在相关的公共登记处进行登记）。

Enforcement of the security interest can be made with no need of courts, except as provided otherwise in security agreement.

 除非担保协议另有规定，（动产）担保权益的执行无需通过法院即可进行。